| Table 2. Three-Year Impacts on Recidivism, by Time Between Prison Release and Random Assignment Center for Employment Opportunities |
|---|
| Length of Time Between Prison Release and Random Assignment |
|---|
| 3 Months or Less | More Than 3 Months | Difference Between Subgroup Impactsa | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Program Group | Control Group | Difference (Impact) | P-Value | Program Group | Control Group | Difference (Impact) | P-Value | |
| Ever arrestedb (%) | 49.1 | 59.1 | -10.0 * | 0.056 | 47.0 | 50.5 | -3.5 | 0.420 | |
| Ever convicted of a crimec (%) | 44.0 | 56.7 | -12.7 ** | 0.014 | 42.7 | 45.7 | -3.0 | 0.493 | |
| Convicted of a felony | 15.6 | 14.6 | 1.0 | 0.789 | 6.8 | 10.2 | -3.4 | 0.156 | |
| Convicted of a misdemeanor | 31.9 | 46.1 | -14.3 *** | 0.005 | 35.5 | 36.8 | -1.3 | 0.764 | †† |
| Ever incarceratedd (%) | 60.2 | 71.3 | -11.2 ** | 0.027 | 57.1 | 63.2 | -6.1 | 0.147 | |
| Prison | 38.9 | 43.4 | -4.5 | 0.387 | 33.1 | 31.6 | 1.4 | 0.722 | |
| Jail | 56.7 | 71.4 | -14.7 *** | 0.004 | 56.7 | 60.0 | -3.4 | 0.428 | † |
| Ever incarcerated for a new crime (%) | 26.5 | 35.4 | -8.9 * | 0.061 | 22.7 | 24.7 | -2.0 | 0.593 | |
| Prison | 11.2 | 12.5 | -1.4 | 0.685 | 5.9 | 8.8 | -2.8 | 0.209 | |
| Jail | 16.4 | 25.6 | -9.1 ** | 0.030 | 17.9 | 17.1 | 0.7 | 0.822 | † |
| Ever incarcerated for a technical parole violation (%) | 38.5 | 39.8 | -1.3 | 0.801 | 36.8 | 34.2 | 2.6 | 0.528 | |
| Prison | 23.8 | 25.5 | -1.7 | 0.717 | 22.3 | 16.8 | 5.5 | 0.110 | |
| Jail | 34.2 | 35.1 | -0.9 | 0.856 | 36.1 | 31.2 | 4.9 | 0.228 | |
| Total days incarcerated | 213 | 247 | -34 | 0.234 | 154 | 151 | 3 | 0.872 | |
| Prison | 118 | 138 | -20 | 0.345 | 82 | 85 | -3 | 0.852 | |
| Jail | 95 | 109 | -14 | 0.334 | 72 | 66 | 6 | 0.560 | |
| Ever arrested, convicted, or incarceratede (%) | 66.8 | 75.8 | -9.0 * | 0.063 | 64.3 | 70.2 | -5.9 | 0.148 | |
| Incarcerated at the end of Year 3f (%) | 30.1 | 36.1 | -6.0 | 0.221 | 22.5 | 27.4 | -4.9 | 0.195 | |
| Sample size (total = 929)g (%) | 225 | 160 | 311 | 233 |
| SOURCE: MDRC calculations using data from the New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS) and the New York City Department of Correction (DOC). NOTES: Results in this table are weighted by week of random assignment and adjusted for pre-random assignment characteristics. Statistical significance levels are indicated as: *** = 1 percent; ** = 5 percent; * = 10 percent. a When comparing impacts between two subgroups, an H-statistic is generated. The H-statistic is used to assess whether the difference in impacts between the subgroups is statistically significant. It is interpretable in much the same way as the t-statistic and the F-statistic from analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests are interpreted. Statistically significant differences across subgroups are indicated as: ††† = 1 percent; †† = 5 percent; † = 10 percent. b Each arrest date is counted only as a single event. If there are multiple crimes or charges on the same date, only one the most serious charge is recorded in the analysis. c A total of 23 convictions were found to be associated with an arrest that occurred prior to random assignment. These convictions are counted in the analysis as occurring after random assignment. d Includes all reasons for incarceration, such as sentences for new crimes, technical violations of parole, detainee (jail), and other admission reasons. A sample member may have multiple admissions; therefore, incarcerations for new crimes and parole violations do not sum to the percentage incarcerated. e This composite measure was created by combining three measures that are not mutually exclusive: arrest, conviction, and incarceration. Participants who were arrested and/or convicted, for example, were also incarcerated. The composite measure represents people who experienced one or more of these recidivism measures. f Incarceration status based on Quarter 12 after random assignment. Incarceration includes both prison and jail. g A total of 48 sample members are missing the last prison release date and are therefore missing from all outcomes in this table. Daaim's Note The percent difference in the Total days incarcerated between those who join the program within 3 months of their release and the control group is 14.7826%. |
| Table 3. Three-Year Impacts on Employment and Recidivism, by Number of Prior Convictions at Baseline Center for Employment Opportunities |
|---|
| Prior Convictions at Baseline |
|---|
| 1-3 Convictions | 4 or More Convictions | Difference Between Subgroup Impactsa | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Program Group | Control Group | Difference (Impact) | P-Value | Program Group | Control Group | Difference (Impact) | P-Value | |
| Employment outcomes (%) | |||||||||
| Ever any employmentc | 80.0 | 75.5 | 4.5 | 0.270 | 86.9 | 65.6 | 21.3 *** | 0.000 | ††† |
| Ever worked in a CEO transitional jobd | 58.8 | 4.7 | 54.2 *** | 0.000 | 74.3 | 2.4 | 71.9 *** | 0.000 | ††† |
| Ever worked in an unsubsidized job | 63.9 | 73.4 | -9.6 ** | 0.036 | 64.2 | 65.0 | -0.8 | 0.839 | |
| Postprogram employment and earnings outcomes (Years 2-3) | |||||||||
| Average quarterly unsubsidized employment (%) | 27.6 | 29.7 | -2.1 | 0.540 | 28.8 | 24.7 | 4.1 | 0.155 | |
| Total UI-covered earningse ($) | 11,576 | 10,135 | 1,441 | 0.546 | 9,770 | 9,581 | 188 | 0.908 | |
| Recidivism outcomes | |||||||||
| Ever arrestedf (%) | 38.6 | 41.2 | -2.6 | 0.608 | 54.5 | 62.9 | -8.4 ** | 0.050 | |
| Ever convicted of a crimeg (%) | 35.2 | 32.5 | 2.8 | 0.575 | 49.1 | 61.9 | -12.8 *** | 0.003 | †† |
| Convicted of a felony | 11.3 | 8.3 | 3.0 | 0.323 | 9.2 | 15.1 | -5.9 ** | 0.036 | †† |
| Convicted of a misdemeanor | 23.3 | 22.8 | 0.5 | 0.912 | 42.0 | 52.0 | -10.0 ** | 0.021 | † |
| Incarceratedh (%) | 47.7 | 61.0 | -13.2 *** | 0.006 | 65.0 | 71.0 | -6.0 | 0.134 | |
| Total days incarcerated | 142 | 144 | -2 | 0.914 | 196 | 227 | -31 | 0.169 | |
| Sample size (total = 951) | 216 | 172 | 337 | 226 |
| SOURCE: MDRC employment calculations using data from unemployment insurance (UI) wage records from New York State and earnings data from the National Directory of New Hires (NDNH) database. Incarceration calculations use data from the New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS) and the New York City Department of Correction (DOC).
NOTES: Results in this table are weighted by week of random assignment and adjusted for pre-random assignment characteristics. Statistical significance levels are indicated as: *** = 1 percent; ** = 5 percent; * = 10 percent. a Standard errors are presented in this report for all impacts with a p-value of 0.000. Following are the standard errors for all impacts with a p-value of 0.000 (presented in the order in which they appear in the table and beginning with the "1-3 Convictions" subgroup): Employment: 3.951, 3.482, and 3.140. b When comparing impacts between two subgroups, an H-statistic is generated. The H-statistic is used to assess whether the difference in impacts between the subgroups is statistically significant. It is interpretable in much the same way as the t-statistic and the F-statistic from analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests are interpreted. Statistically significant differences across subgroups are indicated as: ††† = 1 percent; †† = 5 percent; † = 10 percent. c These outcomes reflect only UI-covered employment and earnings. d CEO transitional employment is estimated from NDNH and CEO's management information system (MIS). e Due to missing earnings data for Year 1, this report includes impacts for only Years 2 and 3. f Each arrest date is counted only as a single event. If there are multiple crimes or charges on the same date, only one the most serious charge is recorded in the analysis. g A total of 23 convictions were found to be associated with an arrest that occurred prior to random assignment. These convictions are counted in the analysis as occurring after random assignment. h Includes all reasons for incarceration, such as sentences for new crimes, technical violations of parole, detainee (jail), and other admission reasons. A sample member may have multiple admissions; therefore, incarcerations for new crimes and parole violations do not sum to the percentage incarcerated. Daaim's Note The percent difference in the Total days incarcerated between those who join the program within 3 months of their release and the control group is 14.7826%. |
| APPENDIX TABLE C.1 Participation in CEO Activities: Each Replication Program Compared with New York City |
|---|
| Outcome | New York City | Albany | Buffalo | Rochester | San Diego | Tulsa |
|---|
| Ever worked in a CEO transitional job (%) | 88.4 | 70.8 *** | 70.4 *** | 67.5 *** | 94.2 *** | 93.8 *** |
| Assessed for job-start readiness (%) | 88.2 | 88.6 | 86.3 | 79.5 *** | 89.4 | 85.6 |
| Determined to be job-start ready (%) | 64.5 | 74.3 *** | 78.8 *** | 76.4 *** | 73.4 *** | 75.8 *** |
| Met with a job coach (%) | 81.7 | 58.5 *** | 86.0 ** | 67.8 *** | 76.3 ** | 91.5 *** |
| Met with a job developer (%) | 56.4 | 61.4 * | 77.7 *** | 65.8 *** | 68.6 *** | 82.2 *** |
| Among those who worked in a CEO transitional job | ||||||
| Days worked in a CEO transitional joba (%) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
| 1-10 | 33.7 | 38.8 | 34.7 | 41.1 | 40.7 | 34.3 |
| 11-20 | 20.5 | 26.0 | 30.9 | 23.9 | 19.8 | 24.5 |
| 21-30 | 14.0 | 13.2 | 12.6 | 13.7 | 16.7 | 16.8 |
| 31-40 | 20.2 | 13.2 | 13.0 | 11.7 | 11.2 | 15.4 |
| More than 41 | 20.2 | 13.2 | 13.0 | 11.7 | 11.2 | 15.4 |
| Average days worked in a CEO transitional job | 23.2 | 19.7 *** | 19.0 *** | 18.4 *** | 19.5 *** | 21.7 |
| Average number of meetings with job coach | 3.2 | 1.0 *** | 1.3 *** | 1.3 *** | 1.7 *** | 1.7 *** |
| Average number of meetings with job developer | 3.8 | 2.3 *** | 3.2 *** | 3.9 | 4.5 ** | 4.3 * |
| Total weeks of active engagement with programb | 13.2 | 10.3 *** | 12.2 | 12.6 | 11.7 * | 8.9 *** |
| Placed in an unsubsidized jobc (%) | 34.7 | 48.8 *** | 53.4 *** | 57.4 *** | 38.8 | 52.5 *** |
| Among those who were placed in an unsubsidized job | ||||||
| Unsubsidized job characteristics | ||||||
| Average starting wage ($) | 9.72 | 9.59 | 9.43 | 9.10 *** | 9.00 *** | 8.79 *** |
| Hours per week | 33.5 | 34.8 *** | 36.0 *** | 33.4 * | 36.7 *** | 37.6 *** |
| Employer provided benefits (%) | 17.7 | 23.0 | 24.9 ** | 28.8 *** | 57.4 *** | 24.1 * |
| Ever received a Rapid Rewards paymentd (%) | 75.2 | 93.4 *** | 93.8 *** | 96.0 *** | 79.3 * | 93.0 *** |
| Among those who received a Rapid Rewards Paymentd | ||||||
| Number of Rapid Rewards payments | 2.8 | 5.4 *** | 5.8 *** | 6.2 *** | 4.7 *** | 5.9 *** |
| Total amount of Rapid Rewards payments ($) | 177.81 | 150.76 *** | 186.95 *** | 216.55 *** | 125.60 *** | 169.58 *** |
| Sample size | 2,560 | 342 | 372 | 292 | 274 | 388 |
| SOURCE: MDRC calculations from CEO's management information system. NOTES: The samples from all programs include people who enrolled in CEO between January 2012 and September 2013. In order to assess differences in characteristics between the New York City program and the replication programs, chi-square tests were used for categorical variables and two-tailed t-tests were used for continuous variables. Statistical significance levels are indicated as follows: *** = 1 percent; ** = 5 percent; * = 10 percent. a Days worked may not be consecutive. b This measure is calculated from the date of first enrollment to the date of first placement in an unsubsidized job, or to the last date of employment in a CEO transitional job. c This includes unsubsidized employment placements by CEO and self-placement employment that CEO was made aware of or that the client reported to CEO. d These measures include only people who enrolled in CEO between January 2012 and March 30, 2013 to allow for 12 months of follow-up, as individuals can receive Rapid Rewards for up to six months following placement into an unsubsidized job. |
| APPENDIX TABLE C.2 Participant Experiences, by Program |
|---|
| Measure (%) | All Programs | NYC | Albany | Buffalo | Rochester | San Diego | Tulsa |
|---|
| Length of employment | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Less than one month | 30.2 | 17.4 | 22.2 | 31.9 | 32.0 | 20.0 | 54.3 |
| One month | 16.7 | 8.7 | 33.3 | 17.0 | 32.0 | 16.7 | 11.4 |
| Two months | 22.4 | 15.2 | 33.3 | 29.8 | 20.0 | 26.7 | 17.1 |
| Three months | 12.0 | 19.6 | 0.0 | 10.6 | 12.0 | 10.0 | 8.6 |
| More than three months | 18.8 | 39.1 | 11.1 | 10.6 | 4.0 | 26.7 | 8.6 |
| Tasks during a typical daya | |||||||
| Assemble parts | 7.3 | 10.9 | 0.0 | 4.3 | 12.0 | 3.3 | 8.6 |
| Operate machines or equipment | 20.3 | 13.0 | 0.0 | 21.3 | 8.0 | 6.7 | 54.3 |
| Check or inspect products or equipment | 10.4 | 6.5 | 0.0 | 10.6 | 12.0 | 6.7 | 20.0 |
| Answer or make telephone calls | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.3 | 0.0 |
| Use a computer | 5.7 | 2.2 | 11.1 | 6.4 | 0.0 | 13.3 | 5.7 |
| Do general office work (filing, copying, etc.) | 2.6 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 2.9 |
| Interact with customers | 9.4 | 6.5 | 0.0 | 6.4 | 4.0 | 16.7 | 17.1 |
| Clean or maintain work spaces | 79.2 | 82.6 | 88.9 | 74.5 | 72.0 | 73.3 | 88.6 |
| Stock or organize products | 15.1 | 21.7 | 33.3 | 6.4 | 4.0 | 6.7 | 28.6 |
| Operate cash register | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.3 | 0.0 | 3.3 | 0.0 |
| Operate cash register | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.3 | 0.0 | 3.3 | 0.0 |
| Provide food service | 2.1 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 6.7 | 0.0 |
| Other | 39.1 | 21.7 | 22.2 | 38.3 | 56.0 | 46.7 | 48.6 |
| Services receiveda | |||||||
| Help arranging child care | 4.8 | 7.1 | 0.0 | 10.4 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Transportation assistance | 38.3 | 45.2 | 37.5 | 35.4 | 32.0 | 23.3 | 51.4 |
| Help addressing housing problems | 9.6 | 4.8 | 0.0 | 18.8 | 12.0 | 3.3 | 8.6 |
| Anger-management classes | 3.2 | 4.8 | 0.0 | 6.3 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Alcohol or substance abuse treatment | 4.3 | 4.8 | 12.5 | 8.3 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Counseling/parenting classes | 2.7 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 2.9 |
| Help with work-appropriate clothing | 42.6 | 42.9 | 50.0 | 39.6 | 36.0 | 23.3 | 65.7 |
| Computer training | 17.0 | 9.5 | 12.5 | 16.7 | 8.0 | 33.3 | 20.0 |
| GED preparation | 9.6 | 23.8 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.9 |
| Career planning/résumé writing/job interview preparation/job search help | 67.6 | 57.1 | 75.0 | 62.5 | 64.0 | 83.3 | 74.3 |
| General money-management assistance | 18.6 | 21.4 | 25.0 | 27.1 | 16.0 | 20.0 | 2.9 |
| Help setting up a bank account | 11.2 | 28.6 | 62.5 | 6.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.9 |
| Access to benefits | 13.3 | 26.2 | 12.5 | 20.8 | 8.0 | 3.3 | 0.0 |
| Help understanding or changing child support payments | 4.3 | 9.5 | 12.5 | 6.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Legal assistance | 5.3 | 9.5 | 0.0 | 6.3 | 8.0 | 0.0 | 2.9 |
| Parole assistance | 23.4 | 35.7 | 37.5 | 12.5 | 40.0 | 3.3 | 25.7 |
| Other | 8.0 | 4.8 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 11.4 |
| None | 5.4 | 4.9 | 0.0 | 8.3 | 8.0 | 6.9 | 0.0 |
| Services needed but not received | |||||||
| Help arranging child care | 8.3 | 17.1 | 0.0 | 4.9 | 8.3 | 7.1 | 5.7 |
| Transportation assistance | 17.2 | 25.7 | 16.7 | 7.3 | 20.8 | 14.3 | 20.0 |
| Help addressing housing problems | 14.8 | 22.9 | 16.7 | 7.3 | 20.8 | 10.7 | 14.3 |
| Anger-management classes | 5.9 | 8.6 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 12.5 | 7.1 | 2.9 |
| Alcohol or substance abuse treatment | 5.9 | 8.6 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 4.2 | 10.7 | 5.7 |
| Counseling/parenting classes | 4.7 | 2.9 | 16.7 | 0.0 | 8.3 | 7.1 | 5.7 |
| Help with work-appropriate clothing | 9.5 | 14.3 | 0.0 | 4.9 | 12.5 | 17.9 | 2.9 |
| Computer training | 10.1 | 17.1 | 16.7 | 4.9 | 8.3 | 7.1 | 11.4 |
| GED preparation | 8.3 | 5.7 | 0.0 | 7.3 | 12.5 | 17.9 | 2.9 |
| Career planning/résumé writing/job interview preparation/job search help | 9.5 | 14.3 | 0.0 | 7.3 | 4.2 | 14.3 | 8.6 |
| General money-management assistance | 12.4 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 12.5 | 14.3 | 20.0 |
| Help setting up a bank account | 13.6 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 16.7 | 17.9 | 17.1 |
| Access to benefits | 9.5 | 14.3 | 33.3 | 2.4 | 8.3 | 7.1 | 11.4 |
| Help understanding or changing child support payments | 5.9 | 5.7 | 16.7 | 4.9 | 4.2 | 7.1 | 5.7 |
| Legal assistance | 5.9 | 0.0 | 16.7 | 7.3 | 8.3 | 7.1 | 5.7 |
| Parole assistance | 5.9 | 5.7 | 0.0 | 4.9 | 4.2 | 10.7 | 5.7 |
| Other | 5.9 | 0.0 | 16.7 | 7.3 | 0.0 | 14.3 | 5.7 |
| None | 36.7 | 31.4 | 33.3 | 58.5 | 20.8 | 32.1 | 31.4 |
| Agree or strongly agree with the following statements:b | |||||||
| I am doing work that is very important to the organization/company where I work. | 63.7 | 52.2 | 44.4 | 64.6 | 68.0 | 73.3 | 71.4 |
| I understand what is expected of me on the job. | 85.0 | 84.8 | 66.7 | 83.3 | 76.0 | 90.0 | 94.3 |
| I know whom at work to ask for help when I need it. | 88.6 | 93.5 | 66.7 | 87.5 | 76.0 | 90.0 | 97.1 |
| I get the support or guidance that I need from my supervisor. | 83.9 | 78.3 | 33.3 | 85.4 | 84.0 | 93.3 | 94.3 |
| My supervisor gives me advice about how to handle situations at work. | 82.4 | 71.7 | 33.3 | 89.6 | 80.0 | 90.0 | 94.3 |
| My supervisor helps me if personal issues come up that get in the way of working. | 66.3 | 52.2 | 11.1 | 79.2 | 76.0 | 66.7 | 74.3 |
| My relationships with coworkers are positive and supportive. | 82.4 | 80.4 | 66.7 | 85.4 | 72.0 | 80.0 | 94.3 |
| My coworkers understand me and want me to succeed. | 74.6 | 71.7 | 66.7 | 77.1 | 64.0 | 73.3 | 85.7 |
| My responsibilities have increased since I began this job. | 72.5 | 73.9 | 44.4 | 72.9 | 64.0 | 80.0 | 77.1 |
| I have opportunities to grow and take on new responsibilities in this job. | 71.5 | 67.4 | 44.4 | 81.3 | 64.0 | 70.0 | 77.1 |
| I am satisfied in this job. | 61.1 | 54.3 | 22.2 | 79.2 | 68.0 | 50.0 | 60.0 |
| Overall, I feel better about myself since beginning this job. | 78.2 | 71.7 | 22.2 | 79.2 | 80.0 | 86.7 | 91.4 |
| The kind of work I am doing will help me get a decent-paying job later. | 67.4 | 60.9 | 44.4 | 70.8 | 68.0 | 73.3 | 71.4 |
| I am learning specific job skills that I will use in the future. | 67.9 | 71.7 | 55.6 | 70.8 | 68.0 | 63.3 | 65.7 |
| I have met people through this job who may help me find a job in the future. | 69.9 | 63.0 | 55.6 | 79.2 | 80.0 | 63.3 | 68.6 |
| I am learning how to work better with coworkers. | 75.1 | 76.1 | 55.6 | 81.3 | 68.0 | 76.7 | 74.3 |
| I am learning how to cooperate better with supervisors. | 78.8 | 82.6 | 44.4 | 75.0 | 76.0 | 83.3 | 85.7 |
| This job has helped me learn to present myself better at work. | 78.8 | 80.4 | 55.6 | 77.1 | 76.0 | 83.3 | 82.9 |
| I am late to work less often than when I began this job. | |||||||
| Agree | 26.5 | 26.1 | 22.2 | 17.4 | 36.0 | 34.5 | 26.5 |
| Disagree | 18.5 | 21.7 | 11.1 | 23.9 | 24.0 | 13.8 | 8.8 |
| Does not apply (did not need to improve in this area) | 55.0 | 52.2 | 66.7 | 58.7 | 40.0 | 51.7 | 64.7 |
| Without CEO, I would likely still be unemployed.b | 56.5 | 50.0 | 22.2 | 64.6 | 56.0 | 66.7 | 54.3 |
| Without CEO, I would likely be back in prison.b | 22.3 | 21.7 | 0.0 | 20.8 | 28.0 | 23.3 | 25.7 |
| As a result of CEO...a | |||||||
| I have better job skills. | 72.5 | 72.1 | 75.0 | 75.0 | 52.0 | 83.3 | 74.3 |
| I am better at working with others. | 66.7 | 67.4 | 50.0 | 68.8 | 52.0 | 83.3 | 62.9 |
| I feel more in control of my finances. | 48.7 | 48.8 | 62.5 | 58.3 | 16.0 | 50.0 | 54.3 |
| I have a greater sense of well-being. | 57.1 | 53.5 | 37.5 | 56.3 | 44.0 | 73.3 | 62.9 |
| I feel better able to handle responsibilities and challenges in my personal life so that they don't get in the way of my job. | 59.8 | 74.4 | 50.0 | 54.2 | 28.0 | 73.3 | 62.9 |
| My relationships with my family members are better. | 38.6 | 46.5 | 25.0 | 35.4 | 28.0 | 46.7 | 37.1 |
| I feel better prepared to find a new job. | 73.0 | 76.7 | 75.0 | 68.8 | 48.0 | 83.3 | 82.9 |
| I feel better able to meet my basic needs (for example, food, clothing, shelter, transportation). | 48.1 | 55.8 | 37.5 | 41.7 | 32.0 | 70.0 | 42.9 |
| My self-esteem has improved. | 57.7 | 60.5 | 37.5 | 50.0 | 36.0 | 70.0 | 74.3 |
| Other | 9.5 | 11.6 | 0.0 | 16.7 | 4.0 | 6.7 | 5.7 |
| Sample size | 193 | 46 | 9 | 48 | 25 | 30 | 35 |
| SOURCE: MDRC calculations from CEO's management information system. NOTES: GED = General Educational Development a These measures show the percentages of questionnaire respondents who agreed with each statement. Respondents were instructed to select all statements that applied to them b These measure show the percentages of participants who selected 6 or 7 on a 7-point scale where 1 = "strongly disagree" and 7 = "strongly agree." |